See -er in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
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{
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{
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"lang_code": "fr",
"word": "-er"
},
{
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"lang_code": "en",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "-eer"
},
{
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"expansion": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *-yósder.\nProto-Italic *-āsjos\nLatin -āriusnom.\nLatin -ārius\nOld French -ier\nMiddle French -er\n[Appendix:Glossary#nominalization|Nominalization]] of\", \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"adjective\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"adjective\", \"children\" : [ { \"keyword_abbrev\" : \"der.\", \"keyword_label\" : \"Derived from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"suffix\", \"children\" : [ ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*-yós\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"derived\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Italic\", \"term\" : \"*-āsjos\", \"lang\" : \"itc-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"-ārius\", \"lang\" : \"la\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"nominalization\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"-ārius\", \"lang\" : \"la\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Old French\", \"term\" : \"-ier\", \"lang\" : \"fro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Middle French\", \"term\" : \"-er\", \"lang\" : \"frm\" }\" data-id=\"noun\" data-lang=\"frm\" data-title=\"-er\" id=\"Middle_French:_noun\">\nInherited from Old French -ier.",
"name": "etymon"
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"etymology_text": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *-yósder.\nProto-Italic *-āsjos\nLatin -āriusnom.\nLatin -ārius\nOld French -ier\nMiddle French -er\nInherited from Old French -ier.",
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{
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{
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}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "bouc + -er → boucher (“butcher”)"
}
],
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"Forms nouns, often denoting professions"
],
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"morpheme"
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}
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"expansion": "Etymology tree\nProto-Italic *-āzi\n▲\nLatin -ereinflu.\nLatin -āre\nOld French -ier\nMiddle French -er\n[Appendix:Glossary#inherited|Inherited]] from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" }, { \"keyword_abbrev\" : \"influ.\", \"keyword_label\" : \"Influenced by\", \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"verb suffix\", \"children\" : [ ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"-ere\", \"lang\" : \"la\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"influence\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"-āre\", \"lang\" : \"la\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Old French\", \"term\" : \"-ier\", \"lang\" : \"fro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Middle French\", \"term\" : \"-er\", \"lang\" : \"frm\" }\" data-id=\"verb\" data-lang=\"frm\" data-title=\"-er\" id=\"Middle_French:_verb\">",
"name": "etymon"
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"expansion": "Latin -āre",
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{
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"raw_tags": [
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"expansion": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *-yósder.\nProto-Italic *-āsjos\nLatin -āriusnom.\nLatin -ārius\nOld French -ier\nMiddle French -er\n[Appendix:Glossary#nominalization|Nominalization]] of\", \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"adjective\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"adjective\", \"children\" : [ { \"keyword_abbrev\" : \"der.\", \"keyword_label\" : \"Derived from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"suffix\", \"children\" : [ ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*-yós\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"derived\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Italic\", \"term\" : \"*-āsjos\", \"lang\" : \"itc-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"-ārius\", \"lang\" : \"la\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"nominalization\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"-ārius\", \"lang\" : \"la\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Old French\", \"term\" : \"-ier\", \"lang\" : \"fro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Middle French\", \"term\" : \"-er\", \"lang\" : \"frm\" }\" data-id=\"noun\" data-lang=\"frm\" data-title=\"-er\" id=\"Middle_French:_noun\">\nInherited from Old French -ier.",
"name": "etymon"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *-yósder.\nProto-Italic *-āsjos\nLatin -āriusnom.\nLatin -ārius\nOld French -ier\nMiddle French -er\nInherited from Old French -ier.",
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{
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{
"text": "bouc + -er → boucher (“butcher”)"
}
],
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],
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],
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]
}
],
"word": "-er"
}
Download raw JSONL data for -er meaning in Middle French (6.2kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Middle French dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2026-05-12 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2026-05-01 using wiktextract (f3d3fdb and ae80fde). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.